Vijayanagar- The Empire of the Gods

“The city of Bijanagar (Vijayanagar) is such that the pupil of the eye has never seen a place like it, and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there existed anything to equal it in the world.” -Abdur Razzak, ambassor of Persia to Vijayanagar.

To avoid confusion let me make it clear that Vijayanagar was both the name of the empire and its capital city (present day Hampi, Karnataka).
In the south of India, Vijayanagar is a household name. The name itself evokes civilisational memories of a glorious bygone past, the evidence of which can be still seen in the mute ruins of Hampi in Karnataka.
But in other parts of India, especially the north, awareness of this great Hindu empire, which acted as the last refuge to persecuted Hindus from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, remains woefully low.
There are many reasons for this, the chief one being the complete whitewash of our history by a government which is continually haunted by the spectre of the truth about Muslim rule in India becoming popular knowledge . A false creed of “secularism” has been foisted by the rulers onto a gullible majority. Add to this cocktail a feckless media and an education system which presents our history as a lifeless caricature of itself.
What the media and the government fail to realise is that Hindus are not going to go rampaging against the minorities if the real history of Islamic invasions is publicised. On the contrary this will be the start of a process of reconciliation between the two communities. The civilisational memory is very strong; attempts to whitewash our history are only going to end in grief. The majority has enough common sense to realise that the present day Indian Muslims are not responsible for the atrocities committed by their forebears, but will naturally expect some acknowledgement of the atrocities committed by their ancestors.
But what an honest rendering of our history will do is clear the air for a clear dialogue between the two communities without prejudices and predilections’.
As I begin this article, my only request to the reader is: read with an open mind .I will give references as applicable. Feel free to read up and check on them. If I have missed some, please point them out to me. Almost all of the original texts of Muslim chroniclers are available online. I have used the notation “CE” (Christian Era) instead of “AD” (Anno Domini) for denoting the years.
I am a firm believer in our national motto “Satya meva jayate”. The rotting carcass of lies will eventually fall off and truth will break free with the force of a typhoon.
And so we begin....
To understand the significance of Vijayanagar in our history we need to dig a bit deeper into the century and the circumstances in which it was born.

1. A Century before...
It is said that the true eclipse of the Hindu civilisation started with fall of the last Hindu king of Afghanistan, Jayapala Shahi in 1001 CE. If that was beginning of the eclipse, the darkest moment for our holy land was when the Mohemmedan hordes under Ulugh Khan (later known as Mohammed Tughlaq) overran southern India in 1314 CE. This meant that for a very brief period of time the whole of India came under Muslim rule.
By the beginning of the fourteenth century, Northern India (except for Rajputana) had become a lifeless limb, being ravaged for over a century by the genocidal sultans of Delhi. The Delhi sultanate was well entrenched for more than a century by now. The horrors inflicted on the populace were beyond description. To get an idea of the life of the average Hindu under the enlightened sultans one does not need to look very far. To give an example from the Kãmil-ut-Tawãrîkh of Ibn Asir, “The slaughter of Hindus (at Varanasi) was immense; none were spared except women and children, and the carnage of men went on until the earth was weary.” This was to describe the sack of Varanasi, after the last Gahadvad King Jaichandra (better known as Jaichand of Prithviraj Raso infamy) was killed on the battlefield by Qutub-uddin-Aibak in 1194.
Another example from Zia- ud -Din Barni’s “Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi”, “In two nights and three days he crossed the Ganges at Kateher, and sending forward a force of five thousand archers, he gave them orders to burn down Kateher and destroy it, to slay every man, and to spare none but women and children, not even boys who had reached the age of eight or nine years. He re¬mained for some days at Kateher and directed the slaughter. The blood of the rioters ran in streams, heaps of slain were to be seen near every village and jungle, and the stench of the dead reached as far as the Ganges.” This is a graphic description of the massacre of Hindus in the doab by Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Balban. The date is unclear, but would have been sometime during his reign (1265-1285 CE). Hindus had rebelled against the sultanate and were close to overthrowing the Muslim governors of Badaun and Amroha.
The list of atrocities goes on and on, the incidents described in graphic details by the Muslim chroniclers themselves. The horrific accounts are written with great pride by these chroniclers, who see the sultans as fulfilling their religious obligations as laid out in the Quran.
Resistance was fierce, but was crushed with overwhelming force and brutality. The common people of India had never experienced such horrors. Mass rapes, murder and mayhem had become the order of the day.
Like I said, don’t take my word for it, read the references which are freely available on the internet.
2. The major Hindu Kingdoms
At this point in time it would be pertinent to see the situation in the rest of India. At the close of the thirteenth century, what is present day Maharashtra was ruled by the Yadava kings of Deogiri (present day Daulatabad), Rajputana by various Rajput kings, the Telangana region ruled by the Kakatiya kings, Andhra by the Hoysala kings, present day Tamil nadu by the Pandyas, Assam by the Ahom kings and Kashmir by its last Hindu ruler Suhadeva. Bengal had fallen to the Bakhtiar Khilji at the beginning of the thirteenth century in 1206 CE and Gujarat to Alauddin Khiljis hordes in 1297 CE.
3. While Elsewhere

Fig 1 The extent of the Mongol empire (image courtesy Wikipedia)
On the world stage, the descendents of Chengiz Khan were tearing a blaze of destruction across the Muslim world (which included central Asia, Afghanistan, Persia, Iraq, today’s Middle East),China, southeast Asia, carrying on right till Europe. This led to an influx of dispossessed Muslim princes and soldiers into the Delhi sultanate .And of course each one of them would be eager to go on a jihad against the unbelieving Hindus!!
The sultanate meanwhile was still consolidating its grip on the gangetic plains and simultaneously defending its northern frontier (Punjab) against the Mongols.



4. The First Incursions into the South

Fig 2.Deogiri Fort (Daulatabad) (image courtesy Wikipedia)
The first successful incursion into the south was via Deogiri (present day Aurangabad, Maharashtra). Ala-ud-din Khilji, the wily nephew of Sultan Jalal-u-ddin laid siege to Deogiri in 1294.At this precise moment most of Deogiri’s forces were fighting with the Hoysala kings further down south. Rama Raya, the king of Deogiri was forced to submit after the reinforcements led by his son Shankar Deo were beaten back by the Turks. Alauddin extracted a tremendous price from Deogiri, virtually denuding it of all riches. As per Ferishta the booty included, “ 600 maunds of gold, seven maunds of pearls, two maunds of other jewels, thousand maunds of silver, and a yearly tribute of the revenues of Elichpur province”. A maund is roughly anywhere between 18-59 kgs. So we can easily imagine what the size of the treasure was!!
Backed by this treasure, Ala-uddin subsequently murdered his uncle the Sultan, in cold blood and took over the throne of Delhi. Murderous wars of succession and assassinations have always been an integral part of any Muslim sultanate anywhere in the world. With the aid of the looted treasure, a massive standing army of 4, 75,000 ( four lakhs and seventy five thousand) was maintained and the frontiers secured against the Mongol threat .Successive Mongol incursions were repelled, in fact the cunning Alauddin got rid of his powerful rival Zafar Khan in one of the Mongol raids. The Mongol incursions more or less stopped after 1308 CE, the Mongols now being fully immersed in their own disputes.
As the Mongol threat receded it was but natural for the avaricious sultan to turn his gaze back to the kingdoms beyond the Vindhyas.

5. Interregnum...
Before we move on I will expound a bit on the nature of the sultanate and why it scored quick successes under able sultans like Alaudddin and Mohammed Tughlaq.
Shri Sita Ram Goel has given an excellent account of the main reasons in his book “The story of Islamic Imperialism in India” (available for free reading from http://voiceofdharma.org/books). I will very briefly touch on them here.
Spiritual & Intellectual Decline: The foremost reasons were the spiritual and intellectual decline of society. India had been exposed to Islamic invasions since the establishment of Islam in the seventh century. The first phase of invasion was of the Arabs (starting around 650 AD) which lasted for nearly three hundred years, till about the tenth century and was a dismal failure. Thus five hundred years had passed since the first clash with the armies of Islam and the time Muḥammad Ibn Sām (Mohammed Ghori) broke through into India proper. The pattern of Islamic atrocities was always the same as in later ages; people were aware of what they were facing.
Despite this, in the span of five centuries, why was no effort made to understand the ideology which motivated the invaders? Why did no religious leader declare that dharma itself was in danger and that the invaders had to be completely and utterly destroyed? Why were the defeated Muslim armies not pursued to their homelands and annihilated?
Despite knowing the nefarious tactics employed by the invaders, why did we consistently stick to myopic codes of honour, which in the end brought centuries of dishonour and tremendous suffering to our people?
Due to a refusal to see the true nature of the invader, there was no strategic focus with Hindu rulers, bar a few notable exceptions. On the other hand irrespective of which usurper became Sultan, the overriding goal remained the same i.e. conquest and conversion.
The situation is not very different today, where any attempt to probe the true nature of the Islamic threat is dismissed as “communal”. An entire race seems to be in denial about the danger it faces.
Structure of Society: Hindu society had traditionally different classes such as, scholars (Brahmins), traders; kshatriyas (warriors).The movement of classes within the society was fluid as has been pointed out by Sita Ram Goel. This division of labour is characteristic of all modern societies, where different segments of society tackle different tasks.
Muslim society in India by contrast was fully militarised. The entire focus was on maintaining strength of arms, this being the only way they could subjugate a hostile majority (i.e. Hindus). This was remarkably similar to the Mongols who were a fully militarised society as well. In contrast the Muslim empires like Khwarazim, who fell like nine pins in front of the Mongol onslaught, were what could be called as normal societies in terms of the way their social structure.
The chief difference of course lay in the fact that the Mongols were shamanistic and by very nature accommodating of other faiths. Whereas the “secular” Sultans did not even accord Hindus the status of human beings!!
And the only way to sustain a militarised society was a constant inflow of looted treasure and slaves from their wars with the Hindus. Enslavement of Hindus was big business; the markets of central Asia were flooded with Hindus sold into slavery. The fate of Hindu women was even more terrible. They were treated like chattel and sold in market places into sexual slavery .It is not surprising not a few times Hindu women preferred to be consumed by the flames and commit jauhar, rather than put their honour at the tender mercies of the invader.
There was a very good reason why a total extermination of Hindus was not carried out even under fanatics like Alauddin. The sultans realised early on they needed the farmers, the traders and administrators to carry on his wars of conquest. This was a temporary arrangement till the number of Muslims reached a critical mass. But the ulema (Muslim theologians, more commonly known as “scholars of Islam”!) had to be kept happy, so Hindus were routinely massacred to “cleanse the land of idolaters”. The concentration of Muslims was still in the urban areas, e.g. Delhi had become more or less a Muslim city by the beginning of the thirteenth century, but the rural areas remained overwhelmingly Hindu.

Structure of Armies: Another contrast, as pointed out by Sita Ram Goel was the way in which the armies were maintained . In Hindu kingdoms, the main fighting core under the king was comparatively small but dedicated group of Kshatriyas .A liberal tax regime meant that more focus was on general economic and social progress rather than on maintaining a vast standing army. Rest of the recruits were levies provided by local feudatories or chiefs. This meant that the quality of the army could vary significantly. And once the king was killed on the battlefield or the main core of warriors smashed, the rest of the army would flee the battlefield. Throughout their wars the Muslim chiefs almost always focussed on killing the opposing king or key commanders. This invariably led to even the most well equipped Hindu armies to flee the battlefield. This trend was not reversed till Chattrapati Shivajis time, who taught his followers to fight for Dharma rather than the king.
The Muslim armies on the other hand were fully professional, mostly directly under the command of the sultan .Even the nobles or the amirs under the Khiljis and the Tuglaq’s remained fearful of their power being taken away, or in the worst case ending up dead; if they disobeyed the sultan . Even if the sultanates armies were defeated once, a vast reserve meant the Sultans could send a steady stream of invading armies at very short time intervals. On the other hand the Hindu kingdoms resources would have been depleted in the previous wars and the same exhausted army would be facing a much fresher invigorated enemy. Additionally, the scorched earth tactics pursued by the Muslims in ravaging the countryside and killing people in droves, shook the fabric of society and took their toll on the defenders.

Deception & Betrayal: Muslims used every trick of statecraft, deception and stratagem against the Hindu kings. No treaty was worth the paper it was written on. And they had scriptural justification for these acts, for Taqiyya (deception) with unbelievers is sanctioned by the Quran itself . Assurances of safety to surrendering Hindus were repeatedly violated. E.g. The last Yadava ruler of Deogiri, Haripala Dev; was skinned alive and his corpse hung from the gates of Daulatabad fort in 1318 CE. This was in clear violation of the assurances of safe passage given by Mubarak (the successor of Ala-ud-din Khilji) in 1318 CE .

Taxation: Under Hindu kings the taxes on the people were kept at a low level. In contrast under the sultanate, the common people were taxed to death; their blood being sucked dry by a parasitical sultanate .Non payment of taxes meant being sold into slavery and subsequent conversion to Islam. Revolts were common and as seen in the previous passages, very brutally put down. The most ignominious was of course the Jaziya, the tax on non Muslims.
The existence of Hindus who lived within the frontiers of the sultanate was pathetic, their existence that of a Zimmi or a second class citizen. On the borders people were subjected to constant raids and pillaging by the Muslim armies.


In the second part, I will touch upon the raids of Malik Kafur beyond Devagiri, Mohammed Tughlaqs wars of conquest, the establishment of the Madurai sultanate and most importantly the creation of Vijayanagar.

The Indian (English Language) Media: Soft Treason or Beyond Reason?

The use of various media throughout history as a propaganda tool is well known and well documented. Propaganda can be defined as, “the presentation of information in a way so as to influence the opinion of a large group of people”. Put the word propaganda in any search engine and you will be inundated with information. Propaganda has been the main feature of the various histories written of the Hindus over the last thousand years, chiefly by Muslim invaders and later by the British. So it should come as no surprise to the impartial observer, the disturbing propensity of the Indian English Language Media (IELM) to act as an anti Hindu mouthpiece. Ethics and journalistic integrity are strangers in a media market where editorial space is sold by the inch.
The news reporting by the media seems to revolve around three D’s i.e. Disinformation, Distortion, and Duplicity. All of which is the standard fare of any good propaganda. You spread disinformation, distort an opponent’s stand beyond recognition and finally practice double standards when it comes to reporting on Hindus and the so called minorities.
The reporting reeks of psychological warfare (PSYWAR) from every bit of dry ink.
PSYWAR has been defined by the US department of Defense as: "The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behaviour of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives."[1]
PSYWAR is a very potent propaganda tool and used the world over by media, governments, conglomerates to influence perceptions and public opinions. This involves appealing to a person’s emotions rather than intellect.

Remove the words foreign and national from the above definition and you have a tailor made description of the tactics pursued by IELM in achieving their objectives. From the spate of articles and orchestrated campaigns in recent years (e.g. J&K agitation, the backlash against missionary activity in Orissa and Karnataka, “Hindu Terrorists” etc), it has become clear that the IELM has been completely subverted by anti Hindu interests. I have specifically not used the word anti India because the integrity of the national fabric of India is guaranteed by Hinduism (or Sanatana Dharma for the sake of accuracy) and nothing else.
The reader could be forgiven for thinking that the IELM is an august establishment engaged in promoting and safe guarding “secular” democracy. The reality is that it is composed of a cabal of middlemen engaged in the promotion of their own little ‘crusades’. Most of the journalists, editors etc have Hindu names, but are dyed in the wool communists who have made a career out of bashing Hinduism.
I have tried to list some of the propaganda techniques employed by IELM; the list is by no means exhaustive .The purpose is to present in a nutshell the kind of lies peddled by the Indian media. Hopefully the next time you pick up an English paper or switch on the TV, you will be more critical of the trash on offer.
Here are some of the propaganda techniques:

1. Obfuscation

What this means is that news is cleverly presented in a way so as to make it virtually meaningless to the reader. A sterling example in this regard would be the recent violence going on between illegal Bangladeshi Muslim settlers and the indigenous Hindus of Assam. A little background on the issue is in order. The illegal immigration of Bangladeshi settlers into India has taken epidemic proportions with their number in India being estimated at around 20 million.[2]
The worst affected are north eastern states like Assam, where complete demographic change in entire districts has reduced the former majority i.e. Hindus’ to minority status in a matter of decades. Things have reached a boiling point with the aggressive Bangladeshi Muslims asserting themselves against the indigenous Bodos, tribal’s etc. The death toll in the current spate of violence has gone past fifty, but browse through the media reports and you would be hard pressed to tell who’s killing who.
“There were fierce clashes between members of two communities and a person belonging to one community was stabbed to death”, this is a typical reporting tactic where nobody knows who’s the victim and who’s the aggressor. You can draw various inferences from the above e.g. were Martians fighting people from Venus, or were aliens fighting earth men or none of the above?

2. The straw man argument

A strawman is defined as an “informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent’s position”. In practice this means setting up a position for an opponent which seems convincing but is completely fake and then proceeding to demolish it. An example will make this clearer. Suppose a Hindu says, “We need the uniform civil code”, it is presented by the IELM as, “Hindu fanatics demand revocation of minority rights”.
The creation of the “Hindu Terrorist” is an excellent example of a straw man. You now have attempts afoot to declare the Bajrang Dal a terrorist organization on par with mass murderers like SIMI (Students Islamic Movement of India).The media went into virtual ecstasy when Sadhvi Pragya was arrested on suspicion of involvement in the Malegaon blasts .This was duly followed up by the arrest of two retired army officers and the principal of Bhonsale Military school, Nasik. So far the ATS (Anti Terrorist Squad) has been unable to find any proof of the Sadhvi`s involvement [3]. But the witch hunt has already started; the secular media is baying for their blood and will not rest until till someone is sacrificed on the high altar of Indian secularism.
The crescendo for action against the mythical “Hindu terrorist” is going to reach a fever pitch in the coming months. Going by the way events have been progressing, this might actually become true in the near future. If and when the “Hindu Terrorist” actually becomes a reality, the media will be the first in the firing line. This might be a good time for our “secular journalists” to book their retirement home in Bangladesh or Afghanistan. At least they will be guaranteed 72 virgins when they pop off!!
An editorial from The Times of India (TOI) from some years back provides an interesting insight into the IELM tactics [4]. This editorial was regarding the high court ordering an archaeological dig at the Ram mandir site. The editorial switches from questioning the validity of the court order, to questioning the science of archaeology itself, before finally creating the totally spurious argument of Hindu extremist elements taking over, if the evidence of a temple were found!! The fact that archaeological evidence was subsequently found has been brushed under the carpet. The media plays blind and the government plays dumb, such is our democracy!!

3. Burden of Proof

From the very beginning, the onus has been on Hindus to prove they are innocent. In the perversion known as Indian secularism, the Hindu is presumed guilty and the minorities are absolved of all sins. Any proof the Hindus provide is never sufficient. An interesting example of how this tactic was applied to the Ayodhya issue is exposed in Koenraad Elsts seminal work.[5] The Hindu organizations were continually hoodwinked into producing proof after proof, for the existence of the temple, every one of them being shot down by the secular media and historians.
The burden of proof fallacy was put to good use in the recent conflict between the Christian missionaries and Hindus in Karnataka and Orissa. The missionaries and their neo convert Christians have been portrayed in the media as innocent lambs led to the slaughter by a vicious mob of Hindus. This ignores the fact that the conflict in Orissa was sparked off by the cold blooded murder of eighty six year old Swami Laxmananda and his followers, by hired hit men. Swamiji had survived seven assassination attempts previously, all being engineered by the Christian Missionary lobby. The conflict is multi dimensional with the majority Hindu Kandh community fighting back after being disenfranchised and marginalized by decades of neglect by the state administration and persecution by the minority Panas (who are converted Christians). The murder of the late Swamiji was the straw which broke the camel’s back.

4. Rationalization

Rationalization means the justification of an event, by presenting arguments which seem rational but are completely fake. e.g., I steal your cow but rationalize the act by saying I did not like the way you looked at me!
This tactic is common place in the IELM, with every terrorist strike being justified as in retaliation to Gujarat riots, destruction of Babri Masjid etc. So it comes as no surprise when one of the “respected” national dailies issues an editorial justifying the provision of legal aid by Jamia Milia University to the accused in the Delhi blasts[6].This seems suspiciously similar to the Al Qaeda brand of logic which justifies every act of terror, by bringing forth grievances which are at least 500 years old!!! By this logic Hindus are overdue to go on a killing spree to avenge over one thousand years of murder, rape and the systematic destruction of Hindu culture by the Muslim invaders [7].
The above mentioned editorial starts off by setting the tone and calling the BJP communal for criticising the decision by the Jamia Milia Islamia University Vice Chancellor Mushirul Hasan to provide legal aid to the budding jihadis on the sole basis that they are students of his university. To justify the decision the writer then selectively quotes article 39A of the Indian Constitution which says, ” The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities”.[8]
To interpret this as a constitutional right to provide legal aid and support to mass murderers takes a big flight of imagination. By this definition every educational institution which takes UGC (University Grants Commission) grants, has the right to provide legal aid to every rapist, murderer, terrorist who happens to be a student. What will the writer say when a UGC funded university jumps to the defence of so called “Hindu Fundamentalists”. It will be fun to see the mental gymnastics the secular media will be forced to do when this happens.
The editorial further pontificates ,”embedded in the idea of providing accused with the means of defending themselves completely is a jurisprudential principle that forms the bed rock of modern law-the presumption of innocence unless person is proven guilty”. All well and good, but why does this apply only to Islamic terrorists and the assorted Christian missionary? A good example of what kind of a one way street their concept of justice and innocence is the labelling of Narendra Modi with colourful epithets like “Butcher of Gujarat”, “Mass murderer” etc. This despite the fact that the good Chief Minister is yet to be implicated for his supposed “role” in the riots!! Or the labelling of Sadhvi Pragya as a terrorist, even when no evidence has been found till date!!
The article then descends into questioning the thought processes of the BJP spokesman Ravi Shankar Prasad, rebuking him for his criticism of the university’s decision .A well worn and used tactic of the secular media is personal attacks and ridicule of the opposing person. If you cannot win the argument, might as well pull down their lungi seems to be the motto!!

5. Cross Propagation & Amplification

The reporting by the western media correspondents in India mostly duplicates what the IELM publishes. If a story does the rounds of nuns being raped, however baseless it might be, every major Western news outlet will present it as the gospel truth. If the Indian media itself acts as a fifth column, what can you expect from a foreign media which comes with its own inherent bias and a colonial attitude to boot? Hindus are routinely demonized as people who force their women to commit Sati, kill “untouchables”, persecute minorities and in general worship “animal gods”(cue to the description of Lord Hanuman as the “monkey god”, Lord Ganesha as the “elephant god”, you get the idea).This is as close to the Church propaganda of “devil worshipping heathens” as you can get.
The western media keeps parroting the same old information peddled by the IELM without even updating the facts once reality becomes clear.
For example take this news report from the 31st October from the BBC website, which gives the impression that ULFA is behind the Assam bomb blasts which have killed over 80 people [9]. No issues with this, at this stage the Government of India and the local administration were running around like headless chickens, still squawking the mantra that ULFA was to blame. Cut to November 3rd and the BBC has this cute little Q&A for the news challenged, which goes on to describe what the ULFA is and why it did the bomb blasts. This is almost two days after it became clear this was done by an obscure bunch of Islamic terrorists called the Islamic Security Force (a front of the Indian Mujahideen, which again is a front of SIMI)[10].Thanks to the Indian Army, ULFA is a shadow of its former self. Either the BBC has extremely incompetent reporters or there is a more sinister move afoot to bring ULFA back into the limelight, while simultaneously covering up the role of the Islamic terrorists.


Metaphorically speaking, I have only skimmed the surface of the iceberg. The amount of material is enough to fill a good sized book. In the further article I will tackle the issue of how to drain the swamp, in which such treasonous vipers are allowed to breed (my apologies to the all reptiles, which might have been offended by this analogy).




________________________________________
[1] Phil Taylor (1987). "Glossary of Relevant Terms & Acronyms PROPAGANDA AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE STUDIES University of Leeds UK". University of Leeds UK.
[2] 2 cr Bangladeshis in India: Fernandes, Tribune India - September 27, 2003; www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/main1.htm
[3] Sadhvi's terror link: Narco test gives her clean chit, Times of India online edition, 01/11/08, extracted on 02/11/08
[4] Times of India online edition, 07/03/2003, extracted on 09/10/08
[5] Ayodhya and After, Issues before Hindu Society; Koenraad Elst, Voice of India Books, http://voiceofdharma.org/books/ayodhya/
[6] “Don’t Communalise Anti terror fight”, The Hindu, www.hinduonnet.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092655931000.htm, extracted on 11/10/08
[7] The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, Sita Ram Goel, Voice of India Books, http://voiceofdharma.org/books/siii/
[8] http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_IV
[9] Tragic aftermath of Assam's bombs, BBC news, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7701839.stm, extracted on 03/11/08
[10] Car Bombs were Used in Guwahati Blasts, Times of India Online Edition, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Car_bombs_were_used_in_Guwahati_blasts/articleshow/3660580.cms, extracted on 03/11/08